Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wellbeing - Essay Example Tending to wellbeing disability factors with substance abusers is called â€Å"Fear appeals†, the individual can be instructed about the risks associated with mishandling drugs and clarifying the whole real, system that is hampered because of the medications. So as to pass on the message of the dread intrigue, the substance abuser must be calm around then and each other factor that would be increasingly compelling in managing the issue isn't instigating over the top measure of dread in the customer. On the off chance that the dread intrigue prompts unreasonable dread the customer is probably going to smother these disagreeable emotions as fast as could be expected under the circumstances and however, for a brief timeframe he may stop substance misuse yet the conduct may backslide once the dread dies down. Along these lines, clinicians must exercise alert. 2. Would it have any kind of effect how old the substance abuser is? Age is an incredibly huge factor in deciding the impac ts of tending to the wellbeing impedance factor. For example, if the substance abuser is youthful there is a high chance that the individual started manhandling drugs as of late.

Many have pondered upon the meaning of abortion. T Essay Example For Students

Many have considered upon the importance of premature birth. T Essay he argumentbeing that each kid conceived ought to be needed, and other people who believethat each youngster imagined ought to be conceived (Sass vii). This has been acontroversial theme for a considerable length of time. Numerous individuals need to have the option to decidethe fate of others. Everybody in the United States is secured underthe United States constitution, and under the fourteenth Amendment womenhave been given the decision of fetus removal. In 1973, Harry A. Blackmunwrote the larger part conclusion that its a womens option to have anabortion. Roe v. Swim legitimized fetus removal. Despite the fact that these peoplehave been given the right, the case isn't shut. Genius life activistscarry a solid contention, and keep on pushing their convictions. Theyfeel so emphatically about these convictions that savagery has broken out insome known examples. Ace decision activists, then again, alsocarry solid focuses. They accept that the youngster inside them istheir property and its life doesnt be until birth. In 1973, theUnited States Supreme Court concluded that as long as the infant lived inthe belly, the individual in question would be the property of the mother. Since ofthis choice pretty much every third infant considered in America is killedby fetus removal, more than one and a half million children per year (Willke vii). Numerous nations have followed our choice on the premature birth issue andsome of these incorporate Canada, England, and France. Other countriesstill accept premature birth ought to be unlawful, they incorporate Germany,Ireland, and New Zealand. Albeit many accept that premature birth is awomens decision, fetus removal ought to be restricted on the grounds that its corrupt and lifebegins at origination. Fetus removal is the decision of a ladies whether she needs toreceive one. Under the fourteenth Amendments individual freedom ladies aregiven the option to get a fetus removal. The fourteenth Amendments conceptof individual freedom and limitations on state activity is sufficient toallow a womens choice whether to end her pregnancy. The option to decide to have a premature birth is so close to home and essentialto womens lives that without this correct ladies can't practice otherfundamental rights and freedoms ensured by the Constitution(Paltrow 72). The state cannot meddle in the private existences of acitizen. Without the option to pick a fetus removal the fourteenth Amendmentsguarantee of freedom has small significance for ladies. With the privilege tochoose fetus removal, ladies can appreciate, similar to men, the rights tofully utilize the forces of their psyches and bodies (Paltrow 73). A mancan pull back from a relationship when he gets some answers concerning apregnancy. There is no doubt of his include t from that point onward, he hasmade his decision. It is not out of the question to state that ladies ought to be given thesame decision. On the off chance that one doesnt need to hold the obligations of achild than she ought to have the option to have the decision of premature birth in heroptions. Since contraceptives come up short, and in light of the fact that they are notalways accessible or conceivable to utilize, premature birth is important if peopleare to have the option to decide if and when to tolerate or bring forth achild(Paltrow 72). Couples pick the option of fetus removal so theycan begin or extend their families when they feel generally prepared and ableto care for them. Ladies decide to have a fetus removal on the grounds that pregnancyand labor can keep them from keeping their employments, from feedingtheir families, and from serving others in manners they considernecessary and suitable. Pregnancy and labor may determinewhether a ladies ever gets the opportunity to begin or complete her instruction, whichwill fundamentally impact her capacity to help herself and herfamily. The accessibility of premature birth causes it feasible for individuals notonly to pick the quantity of kids they need, yet additionally to createthe sort of family life they have consistently ne eded for themselves, tomeet their obligations. On the off chance that a ladies can't decide to end anunwanted pregnancy, she is denied the privilege to the ownership andcontrol of her own body. One of the most holy privileges of commonlaw is to pick and if a ladies cannot do this than their mostimportant ownership is removed. Premature birth isnt just a womensright, its a womens decision. .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 , .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 .postImageUrl , .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 , .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9:hover , .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9:visited , .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9:active { border:0!important; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9:active , .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9:hover { mistiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u741594f665a0bf8 844f506eae84764b9 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u741594f665a0bf8844f506eae84764b9:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Drugs And Alcohols:Alcohol Misuse Among Minor EssayHowever, permitting fetus removal to be lawful is shameless. A pre-bornchild is given the status of a result of pregnancy and never seenas the supernatural occurrence just a ladies can make. Empathy for the little oneis muffled under an interest for rights, yet shouldn't something be said about the rightsfor the unborn. A ladies has a privilege to her own body is a thought moreand more ladies are acknowledging, however that thought disregards the unborn childsright to their body. Never, in present day times, has the stategranted to one resident the option to have another killed a ll together tosolve their own, social, or monetary issues. the undeveloped organism is itsown being that ought to have its own privileges to ensure it. The zygoteis a special hereditary being (Zindler 27). If one somehow managed to prematurely end an embryothan that incipient organism, that human life could never be copied. Ascientist that may have discovered the fix to A.I.D.S. would be slaughtered. There is a superior method to take care of our issues than by executing kids. A treated egg is the most beauti , most honest being that wecould ever make, and can recover even the most noticeably awful of our mix-ups. Thisfertilized egg isn't only a mass of tissue, for on the off chance that it were than therewould be no discussion. A hatchling feels torment. Ultra sound, fetoscopy, studyof the fetal EKG (electrocardiogram) and fetal EEG(electroencephalogram) have exhibited the wonderful responsivenessof the human hatchling to agony, contact and sound (willke 64). The fetusresponds to light, warmth, cold, and taste. Perceptions of the fetalmovements in saline premature births shows that the embryo experiencesdiscomfort as it bites the dust. One specialist who, the New York Times, wroteconscientiously performs saline premature births expressed, when he injectedthe saline, he regularly observed an expansion in fetal developments (Willke 64). For another situation, a film utilizing mew sonographic procedures, shows theoutline of the kid in the belly whipping to oppose the suctiondevice before it removes the head. At that point you see the dead childdismembered kid and the head squashed (Edwards 40). This is murder. No one who sees this film will talk again of effortless fetus removal. After the specialist who played out this strategy saw this film, he neverperformed another premature birth once more. Be that as it may, numerous specialists despite everything do performabortion, and in certain occasions a live kid is executed. About once aday, some place in the United States, something turns out badly and anabortion brings about a live infant (Willke 76). Forty five out of sixhundred and seven mid trimester premature births done in Connecticut in1974-1976 brought about live births (Willke 76). In these cases thechild was executed in merciless homicide. It is indecent to kill,therefore premature birth is improper. At long last, fetus removal ought to be prohibited in light of the fact that life starts atconception. The individual sex cell comprises of 23 chromosomes. It isonly through mix, notwithstanding, that the sex cells contain the fullcomplement of heredity units that characterizes a person (Shettles 17). This strategy of mix characterizes origination. After the merger ofthe two sex cells 46 chromosomes are available. This is the thing that makes ahuman being. The merger is finished inside twelve hours, at which timethe egg is treated and becomes referred to in fact as the zygote. The acquired attributes of a one of a kind individual has beenestablished, and in no conditions will it change (Shettles 17). Nothing from this time on, til' the very end, will anything be included. Thedefinition of alive is that a being is developing, creating, maturing,and supplanting its own perishing cells. It implies not being dead. At thevery time origination starts the zygote I

The Intent Behind Alcoholics Anonymous Step 11

The Intent Behind Alcoholics Anonymous Step 11 Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print The Intent Behind Alcoholics Anonymous Step 11 How do atheists and agnostics view step 11s religious overtones? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on May 18, 2018 A Look at Step 11. © Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 12-step program as described in the The Big Book, AAs guide for people recovering from alcoholism, has many references to God and religious themes, and step 11 is no different. In a nutshell, step 11 says to discover the plan God, as you understand him, has for your life and find the power to carry it out. AA states it is non-religious but rather spiritual in design, and as its cornerstone, members should find a higher purpose or higher power. God can be described as a religious being, or for atheists and agnostics, it can simply mean the group dynamic experienced as a member at an AA meeting or even another individual. Review of Step 11 Step 11Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out. Spiritual Rather Than Religious For many in recovery, whether it is Alcoholics Anonymous or Al-Anon Family Groups, the concept of spirituality can be unfamiliar, lost or rejected. If you seek solace in a bottle or in bars, you may have other problems going such as a broken relationship or crumbling marriage, a criminal history or generally, a life in turmoil. Even for those who have had an upbringing in a  church, you may find that your experience was more religious and prescriptive rather than spiritual. For most who are earnest in working the 12 steps, by the time you arrive at step 11 you may discover a measure of spirituality at work in your life. For many AA members, they say they have discovered their higher power and form a better understanding of that power. Prayer or Meditation for Guidance The approaches and methods of prayer and meditation suggested in step 11 vary, but the purpose of the step is to connect with that higher power. Some prefer to call the higher power God, others avoid the G-word altogether. The point is AA members discover through participation in the program that there is a power greater than themselves, and they have seen that power at work. As members accept the serenity principle that Nothing, absolutely nothing happens in Gods world by mistake there is an acknowledgment of a higher power, and there is a plan for their lives. Through prayer and meditation, members can attempt to raise their consciousness of that power and draw on it to continue their personal journey of recovery. How Does a Person Who Is Atheist or Agnostic Pray? As suggested by the Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation, you can pray or meditate by being still, quiet, stopping, reflecting and listening to your thoughts. You can plan your day in an orderly way. Ask yourself, God, or a higher power for the right answers to get you through the day. In moments of confusion or unbalance, stop, ask yourself or the higher power for the right way to proceed. Understand it, visualize it, go on. For many this is self-reflection, for others, this is asking God for guidance. The end result usually turns out the same.

Reports on Competition in the Australian Communication Industry

Abstract In an effort to increase revenue communication firms have rapidly expanded as they seek to provide more services in a saturated and highly competitive market (Asoka 1997, 102-104) This proposal seeks to give an in depth examination on the aspect of competition among the major players in the communication industry a case study of the Australian communication industry (Asoka 1997). Optus communication Pty limited; rated as the second largest telecommunication company in Australia formerly known as Aussat Pty Limited before its privatization, is the company under scrutiny as an attempt to critically analyze how it’s being affected by competition in the communication industry is made  (statistics, 1979). The business topic: competition in the communication industry is first clearly defined and analyzed, and then using data resources information on this topic is gathered, findings discovered and recommendations put forth in an attempt to find a lasting solution to the problem of competition faced by Optus in the communication industry (Hans-Werner 2003). Telstra Corporation limited, the largest and most dominant telecommunication company is the greatest competitor of Optus in the communication industry  (Hans-Werner, 2003). Its mere aspect of being the largest mobile telephone service provider in Australia, both in subscription and coverage poses a great problem to its rivals in the communication industry (James, 2008). This problem is analyzed by the clear and consistence application of a theoretical framework to help understand the competition in the industry and therein find a solid solution to the Optus competition problem (Jay 2000). It is clear that this is a problem because of the financial dents evident in the profits accrued by Optus. The problem is unfair competition and has been caused by financial muscles by Telstra (Joseph 1997). Problem statement Competition Telstra as a player in the communication industry in Australia has a lot of arsenal in its amour to ensure it remains afloat in the competition (Michael 2008). Formerly a government owned parastatal, Telstra has a huge financial muscle to manipulate the prices within the industry almost single handedly. The financial muscle enables Telstra to enjoy the large economies of scale within the industry galvanizing itself of competition (Mireille 2004). This, to a large extent makes Telstra a monopoly pushing the other players within the industry into financial oblivion. It uses unethical practices to compete against the other players in the industry such as going against the ACCC rules, a practice that has seen the company successfully sued in court severally (Joseph 1997). In view of the above, Optus as a player in the industry finds itself in an awkward position to compete fairly. Optus came into the market sometime after Telstra’s privatization, at this point; Telstra had already established an en masse clientele base with a good capital thus claiming monopoly (Jay 2000). Formerly a government parastatal, Telstra enjoys huge government support in most of the policies enacted to shape the communication industry; this again leaves Optus an orphan which has to face experienced and rich players (James 2008). With the little capital base, as compared to Telstra, Optus is susceptible to manipulation by Telstra’s flexing of its financial powers. It is left to adhere to the rates put by Telstra in order to survive (Milena 2008).   On the other hand, Telstra is keen to ensure that the prices it fixes fall below the steady point/equilibrium point of Optus but above its steady point due to the huge financial base they have  (Scott, 2000). As would be expected, due to disparity in capital base of the two firms, their equilibrium states vary from each (Massimo 2004). This puts Telstra at an advantageous level to reduce the prices (calling rates), in a manner to manipulate the other players in the industry implying a cut throat competition designed to eliminate others players from the industry (Mireille 2004). Literature review Michael. E Porter in his book competition views unfair competition as unhealthy in an industry  (Michael, 2008). He uses the model to analyze the competition in an industry which he terms the porter five models. This also adds on the problem of low standards, Optus offers low standard services due to the low capital and the large and very expectant market considering the kind of services they receive from Telstra (Mireille 2004). The successful business plan: secrets strategies Page 103 â€Å"But in business it is imperative to see whos gaining on you. It is far better to know what youre up against than to be surprised when your sales suddenly disappear to an unexpected competitor.† (Robert, 2009). This, in the situation of Optus, applies in the sense that Optus should be able to know the kind of competition they are up against as Telstra is a well established fir in the industry  (Michael, 2008). They should therefore identify market gaps not filled by Telstra and exploit these areas to ensure a substantive number of clientele  (Joseph, 1997). As such, Optus will have an opportunity to offer unique services or maybe improve on the services poorly offered by Telstra e.g. the messaging and phone internet services. â€Å"Others simply argued less regulation would serve to promote local competition  (Ashoka, M, 1997). A little more than half the respondent said cable company entry into the telecommunications business would benefit their companies, with nearly 40%.† (Network World 1993 64-72) In the Optus case, they may consider having improved infrastructure to ensure faster services and investing in this network infrastructure to avoid paying for the network leased to it by Telstra (Network World 1993). In the analysis of various competitions in the telecommunication industry, the case of Telstra and Optus doesn’t stand out as unique since as the mobile telephony industry was in offing, few people could afford the needed capital base to erect the needed infrastructure and thus the government came in to provide the necessary resources and later privatized the various companies as was done in Australia (Network World 1993). Situation analysis Optus, using the gap model above, has a gap between the company and their clients to fill (Massimo 2004). If the company is to auger with the market, it ought to deliver services similar to or even better than the service standards being witnessed in the country or being offered by Telstra. PORTER FIVE FORCES MODEL Considering the porters Five Forces of Competition model, Optus is threatened by the new entrants into the industry since they will lose more clients to them and this will also raise the stakes as the new firm in its bid to acquire market may opt to lower prices (Michael 2008). There is also a threat of substitute products provided by landline providers who also give similar products as the mobile providers e.g. optus. The bargaining power of suppliers is to charge as high prices as possible while that of buyers is to charge as low prices as possible, this should meet at a poin(Michael 2008). The above factors are influenced by the players in the industry with the competing firms. FISH BONE MODEL In the fish bone above, competition leads to staff retrenchment, need for promotion, reduced interfirm cooperation, reduced clients and the offloading of clients to other firms and among others high advertisement costs  (Milena, 2008). Using the SWOT analysis to analyze the situation, Optus pales in comparison Strength Optus’ strength includes the need for an alternative player in the industry or the market being bored with Telstra. Most people though love the low prices being charged by Telstra, would wish to have an alternative option in the industry  (statistics, 1979). Optus could take this as an advantage and provide the needed alternative. Weakness The weakness that Optus faces in the industry in Australia is the fact that it is not well established but is facing Telstra which has already established in the industry with huge financial muscles on its side  (statistics, 1979). Opportunity The opportunity is to assess the market gap left out by Telstra and exploit this to its advantage. Threat The threat that glares at Optus is the need to meet the expectations of, in terms of price and quality of services in comparison to what is currently offered by Telstra  (statistics, 1979). The market is of 45 million mobile users with a steady growth rate, a high cost of network infrastructure and long and expensive distribution channels (Jacob 2008). In customer, company and competitor analysis, Optus is faced with a huge competition from Telstra coming some years after the establishment of Telstra, the company was inducted into the market to check on the competition by Telstra and as such it’s facing clients’ share with Telstra (Milena 2008). This impacts negatively on both companies but majorly on Optus since it’s lagging behind in network coverage considering its infancy in the market  (statistics, 1979). Data resources Here we use data mostly from the stock exchange of Australia and from the company’s websites, including details involving price charged for calling among others. The economic indications show that Optus is has ability to do well in the industry considering the kind of financial giants on its back (James 2008). These include the UK telecommunications, US Telecommunications Company, the insurance and investment company National Mutual and AIDC. The share price is also not doing badly though there is a slight decline but it is being received well by the market. Findings This proposal is meant to analyze the consequences accruing to Optus due to the competition with Telstra and to recommend possible solutions to make it more competitive in the market  (statistics, 1979). It was found that in the provision of its services Optus was employing the services of other service providers, most notably Telstra which happens to be one of its biggest competitors in the industry (Michael 2008). This to a greater extend limits Optus independence in the industry which is an essential ingredient in a competitive telecommunication industry as such  (Scott, 2000). This concept of .relying on other service providers in the industry for network infrastructure has crippled Optus ability to claim its rightful position in the industry since Telstra charges them unfairly consequently increasing their expenditure cost which   has adverse effects on their investment on customer service (Mireille 2004). Telstra’s high financial capability permits them to fund massive advertisement campaigns which cannot be sustained by the infant Optus. As result Telstra gets the upper hand in terms of consumers of their services (Mireille 2004). Optus on the other hand finds itself in a destabilized position in the industry unable to counter the massive advertising from rival Telstra due to its mean financial base (Joseph 1997). With no advertising, to increase sell of services to consumers Optus end up making very low profits that further weaken their stability in the industry. Conceptual tool(s) On the matter of service provision to consumers, Optus too is at a disadvantaged state as its rival who rolled into the industry earlier and established itself is better placed to provide user friendly and economic efficient services to its subscribers, something Optus struggles to do with a lot of pinch on its already constrained budget (Jay 2000). As a result, they lose their grip on the market which is more attracted to the more lucrative services offered by its competitor Telstra. Using the porter’s five model of competition, Optus thus fails to meet the bargaining power of the buyers as opposed to their competitors who definitely get an overhand in terms of buyers bargaining power  (Jay, 2000). SWOT as an analysis model, helps us identify how the company is being affected by the situation it currently is in and as such is an appropriate way to find out the problem a company is undergoing and also recommend possible solutions to the same (Hans-Werner 2003). Recommendations To cut down on avoidable costs, it is recommended that Optus Company makes an effort to own a large percentage of the network infrastructure it uses in provision of its services  (Hans-Werner, 2003). This will to a great extent assist Optus budget as fees charged by other service providers in the use of their infrastructure will be avoided and invested in other sectors such as advertisement and upgrading of services provided to subscribers  (Hans-Werner, 2003). Though costly in its initial stage of implementation, its great rewards to the company’s budget cannot be overestimated. It surely is worth the cost and all needs to be done to implement it (Asoka 1997). Optus need to apply a more critical approach on the issue of advertising to avoid a phenomenon where advertising contributes to losses as opposed to profits, since the cost incurred in advertising does not match the rate of service consumption and consequently the profits made from them; which ought to compensate expenditure directed to advertising fail to do so (Milena, 2008). The company hence has to opt for much cheaper advertising options that are still effective in reaching the masses and try as much as they can to avoid expensive mediums of advertisement until they are very well positioned to economically fund adverts like   their counterparts’ in the industry  (Robert, 2009). Optus could also identify market gaps left by Telstra in the industry e.g. provision of fast internet (Mireille 2004). Creativity and innovation is very critical in the telecommunication industry and Optus has an obligation to encourage innovation and creativity on the part of its staff as well as support and implement proposals that are geared to improvement of services in the telecommunication industry (Asoka 1997). This will aid the company also come up with great services that will attempt to counter the lucrative services of rival companies in the industry and consequently meet the buyers bargaining power according to â€Å"the porter’s five model of competition†Ã‚  (Michael, 2008) References Ashoka, M. 1997. Infrastructure strategies in Asia: the untold strory, Worlg Bank Publications, London. Hans-Werner, S. 2003. The new systems competitio, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken. Jacob, W. 2008. The finances: panics and specie-payments, J. Campbell sons, Chicago. James, W. 2008. Competition: The Birth of a New Science, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York. Massimo, M. 2004. Competition policy: theory and practic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Michael, E. 2008. On competition, Harvard Business Press, Boston. Milena, S. 2008. Competition problems in liberalized telecommunications: regulatory solutions to promote effective competitio, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn.

Lesothosaurus - Facts and Figures

Name: Lesothosaurus (Greek for Lesotho lizard); pronounced leh-SO-tho-SORE-us Habitat: Plains and woodlands of Africa Historical Period: Early Jurassic (200-190 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet long and 10-20 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; large eyes; bipedal posture; inability to chew About Lesothosaurus Lesothosaurus dates from a murky time in geologic history--the early Jurassic period--when the first dinosaurs had just split into the two main dinosaur groups, saurischian (lizard-hipped) and ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs. Some paleontologists insist that the small, bipedal, plant-eating Lesothosaurus was a very early ornithopod dinosaur (which would place it firmly in the ornithischian camp), while others maintain that it predated this important split; yet a third camp proposes that Lesothaurus was a basal thyreophoran, the family of armored dinosaurs that includes stegosaurs and ankylosaurs. One thing we do know about Lesothosaurus is that it was a confirmed vegetarian; this dinosaurs narrow snout had a beak-like appearance on the end, equipped with about a dozen sharp teeth in front and many more leaf-like, grinding teeth in the back. Like all early dinosaurs, Lesothosaurus was unable to chew its food, and its long hind legs indicate that it was very fast, especially when being pursued by larger predators. However it winds up being classified, Lesothosaurus isnt the only ancestral dinosaur of the early Jurassic period that has continued to puzzle paleontologists. Lesothosaurus may or may not have been the same creature as Fabrosaurus (the remains of which were discovered much earlier, thus giving the name Fabrosaurus precedence if the two genera wind up being merged, or synonymized), and it may also have been ancestral to the equally obscure Xiaosaurus, yet another tiny, basal ornithopod native to Asia.

Analysis of Philip Larkin’s Modesty Free Essays

Do not over-brooder things – Are too shy. Thoughts that shuffle round Like pence Through each reign, Wear down to their simplest sense Yet remain. Weeds are not supposed to grow But by degrees Some achieve a flower, although No one sees. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Philip Larkin’s Modesty or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is apparently a humble poem. The content and the form are both about the same thing regarding simplicity or, as the title denotes, modesty. It does not express very complex ideas even though they can be considered as important ones. The lines vary in length giving the poem a bounce, like some kind of internal discussion where the speaker argues with himself drawing a rhythm or pattern that, even inorganic in principle, with assonance rhyming and more or less fixed number of syllables, it is constructed in a way that finally matches the static tone of a modest prayer, where the speaker emphasizes the main ideas providing them as some kind of chorus. The poem partially exposes the manifesto of this generation of poets, with their rejection o romanticism or excess in general in poetry, trying to achieve a more real and closer poetry not full of symbolism conveyed by obscure words and expressions and intricate emotions. In this way, the poem in the first stanza states how these plain or more simple words and ideas are truer, they ‘do not lie’, they ‘are too shy to do so, and, therefore, in this sense more genuine maybe, not covered with the mud of complexity, speaking openly the mind of the poet. The second stanza expands this concept of truth. No matter how far you shuffle your own thoughts or for how long, earning them away, wearing them down’, eventually they ‘remain’, In your mind, or, even better, they are purified by getting to a level of ultimate simplicity. The final stanza uses the metaphor of weeds becoming flowers, something quite Improbable In principle, but that linked to the process described In the previous stanza gets to convey an Idea of change In quality. Stoically, modesty ‘by degree’ turns Into beauty, and here we face the aesthetic level of truth. A final state that can be witnessed, but Just as a result, not as a process. No-one sees how the flower becomes a flower, yet It Is there. Analysis of Philip Larrikin Modesty By lexical Thoughts that shuffle round like pence wearing them away, Wearing them down’, eventually they ‘remain’, in your mind, or, stanza uses the metaphor of weeds becoming flowers, something quite improbable in principle, but that linked to the process described in the previous stanza gets to convey an idea of change in quality. Simplicity, modesty ‘by degree’ turns into beauty, just as a result, not as a process. No-one sees how the flower becomes a flower, yet it is there. How to cite Analysis of Philip Larkin’s Modesty, Papers

Greensleeve Analysis free essay sample

The form of the piece also allows for the musician to add their own Improvisation, and for the performance I saw, Anna would constantly strum wrought all the strings scale in a descending and ascending manner in order to portray the dynamics and pure elegance of the harp. Therefore, Greensville is a prominent and classic composition for its historic eminence, its simple, yet influential form, and most Importantly, Its soothing, captivating, and Iconic rhythm.Many musical pieces we listen to today follow a repetitive verse and chorus form, which is actually the main form that is used in the piece Greensville. Coming from the Renaissance period, where singing was prominent and instrumentation was barely soused on, using this simple and memorable progression Is actually common for many pieces during this time. More specifically, the piece Is played In romances form, which is a form most popular during the Early Baroque Period and revolves around four chords serving as the repeating bass supporting a main melody. We will write a custom essay sample on Greensleeve Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, Greensville Is also provided with emotional lyrics about the unrequited love Henry the VIII had for Anne Blenny after she rejected him, which helps portray the message and essence of the composition at a more engaging perspective. The piece is introduced with the first verse of the piece and we start to understand the form as the supporting chords are played with the left hand and the plucking of the melody Is played with the right hand The chords and melody are played in an adagio tempo and are antiphonal to each other as the chords play first following by the melody.These musical elements demonstrates the sorrow mood of the piece as Henry expresses his feelings after being left discourteously by the love of his life. The chorus Is then played with the chords and melody working more cohesively and sounding more uplifting as they change key in order to show that the love Henry has for his joy, delight, and heart of gold remains true and positive (0:43-1:15). The second v erse then changes dramatically as the chords transition to a high, minor key and are played In fast, separate notes rather than Just as a strum. At this point, the drama and dynamics of the harp shows how Henry Is 1 OFF Anne. The chorus is repeated (1:52-2:26) as the key goes back to major and tempo back to adagio, further maintaining the recurring somber theme of the piece. The hired verse goes back to original key and tempo as the first verse, bringing down the drama of the piece in order to show Henry hopelessly and mournfully praying to Sod for the love of Anne. (2:27-3:03).

Rescission of a contract in the law of contracts

Introduction The answer is yes, Big Banks President can rescind the contract under the following special circumstances. In the law of contracts, when a contract is rescinded, it means that the two parties to the contract have been relieved of their obligation in relation to the initial contract entered in the initial agreement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rescission of a contract in the law of contracts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mutual rescission In some cases, in the law of contracts, the two parties may be discharged from their obligations in an agreement to carry out a consideration either in terms of money or otherwise if before its performance, the two parties mutually agree to follow a new agreement after the completion of an initial agreement through mutual assent. In this case, both parties involved are relieved of their contractual obligations. This is possible even if the contract has express or implied instruction suggesting on the contrary. In this case, there are facts that must be alleged and proved beyond any reasonable doubt, whether the contract is oral or written. Form of the contract The form of the contract can either be written or oral, provided that the circumstances of the contract can be proved; the actions of the parties to the contract will not matter as they can be express or implied. The law of contracts on rescission prevails; regardless of the form of the contract provided, there is consideration and supporting circumstances as evidence. Assent All the parties to the contract must agree on the action to be taken through mutual agreement. This can only be evident when there is a meeting of the both parties. In some cases, one of the parties may repudiate the contract, and the second party impliedly takes the repudiation as a counter offer leading to a rescission of the contract. It should, however, be noted that this must be clearly expressed. Conside ration An agreement between the parties to rescind the contract must be supported by sufficient consideration in terms of an inducement with money or otherwise. Unless one of the parties to the contract carries out his/her part of the agreement, he or she must be adequately compensated without any favors. Operation and effect In the event that there is rescission of the contract, none of the parties will benefit from the deal and gain more than what he/she has invested in carrying out the contract. None of the parties should gain more from the contract in order not to get a higher financial position than what one originally had, prior to the contract.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Intention of the parties to the contract.  Aim The direction of the contract will always be determined by the aim of entry in the contract by the parties to the contract. In the event that the aim of the contract has been accomplished by the parties, the contract may be made on the grounds of completion of the main objective of the contract. If Big Bank decides to take legal action against rescission of the contract, it will be very hard for Big Bank to convince the judge on its favor. This is because there is express immunity of System INC against contractual obligation. This is seen in the phrase (f) that excludes System INC from any contractual obligation in case of system omission by system INC. For example, â€Å"in no event will systems inc. Be responsible for special, reliance, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of any act or omission by systems inc. In connection with this agreement, even if systems INC.† This may complicate the ability of Big Bank to get legal redress in terms of receipt of damages. Conclusion There are 3 types of contract performance. One of them is a complete performance where both the parties completely carry out their contractual obligation. The advantage is that both the parties benefit from that as intended. Secondly, the substantial performance is where most of the work or payment is done by one of the party to the contract. In this case, the remedy is always the compensation based on the quantity of consideration. This essay on Rescission of a contract in the law of contracts was written and submitted by user Kiara Prince to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Program Observation Reports Essays

Program Observation Reports Essays Program Observation Reports Essay Program Observation Reports Essay Program Observation Reports Name: Course: Lecturer: Institution: Date: Program Observation Reports Part One Observation One In the first observation, the program is called the lower back injuries. The site used for the first observations is Monterey Sports Center. The location of the site is at 301 E Franklin ST., Monterey 93940. The department where the observations are done is the physiotherapy department. The person whom the observation was done with is Gretta Williams-Lijbers. The contact address is (831)646-3700.Observation Two In the second observation, the program to be observed is called arthritis aquatics. The site where the program is offered is Simpkins Swim Center. The location of the site is at 979 17th Ave. Santa Cruz 95062. The contact person used for the observation is Lynn. The number used by Lynn as the contact number is (831)454-7946. Part Two Observation One Diagnosis: Lower Back Pains Prescription: Physical Exercises at the Gym supervised by a qualified therapists. Lower back pains are extremely common to many people all over the world. Therefore, based on the observations made, the program offers extensive physical therapy for the whole body but they concentrate more on the lower back body. This is mainly for the purposes of even bodily exercise for the body and at the same time treating the lower back injuries. During the first week of the program, the patients start with those physical exercises that are not strenuous. This ensures that, the muscles are not destroyed due to rapid expansion of the muscles. However, as the exercises progresses, the patient is introduced to exercises that are more strenuous. The first exercise includes the stretching of the lower back and whole body in general. In this case, the participants were advised to wear comfortable clothing. This is to reduce hindrances when performing the stretching exercises. Additionally, it ensures that the muscles’ soft tissues or the ligaments are not affected when a person is stretching. Secondly, participants were advised to perform the stretching exercises that are not painful. There are certain positions a person might take that would cause a lot of pain in the body instead of stretching the muscles. In this situation, the muscles might be injured causing more harm than good. When performing this exercise, it was observed that stretching should be done on a clean, dry, flat surface large enough to move freely. This eliminates unlikely mishaps that end up causing injury to the people. Moreover, it ensured that participants had enough room to perform all the stretching exercises needed. These stretching exercises included knee to chest stretch. In this case, a participant was to lay on the surface on his or her back. Fold their legs to form a position where the knees point upwards. The participant was the told to pull one of the knees towards the chest with his or her hands and hold for twenty to thirty seconds at the point him or her feels comfortable. After conclusion of stretching in the second week, the exercise that was observed was the low-impact aerobics exercise. In this case, the participants were provided with stationary bicycles where they would cycle for a period. In most case, they were cycling for forty-five minutes. The exercise ensures that there is flow of blood to the lower back of the body. Additionally, the exercise ensures that other important nutrients are also transported to the lower backside of the body. On the other hand, this exercise also helps the other parts of the body like the limbs. This is because they two increase the blood and nutrients flow. The other exercise that was observed is the hamstring stretch in the third week. In this case, the participants were expected to stand and bend down slowly while their legs were straight. Their hands were expected to touch the tip of their feet. The participants were expected to hold when they reached a comfortable place for twenty to thirty seconds. It was observed that the patients repeated the exercise ten times. As explained, this was meant to lengthen the muscles to reduce stress in the lower back pain. Finally, when the participants were shifting from one exercise to another, they were observed to jog on the spot. This was for the purposes of ensuring that there are no tissue or muscle injuries caused by the sudden stopping of the exercises. These exercises were done for more than two months interchangeably. After that, the participants stopped complaining about the back pain injuries showing that the exercises bore fruits. Observation Two Diagnosis: Arthritis Prescription: Aquatic exercises supervised by a qualified therapist Arthritis involves constant pains in the joints. The joints might become swollen while they are aching. Recently, Aquatic therapy has gained popularity in healing patients with arthritis. The observations are for seven weeks. According to the observations made in the program, participants were expected to have a qualified physician in place to supervise the exercise. According to the physician orders, the water in the pool was heated to a certain level of heat. This is to ensure that the participants do not burn while they are in the water. The participants entered the pool so that they can begin the exercise. It was noted that at every beginning of the session the participants were directly to enter into the water fully. No part of the body was to remain out side the water. This was done for twenty to thirty seconds. After that, the patients were expected to walk from one end to another while they were inside the pool. This would continue for twenty minutes as the participants take breaks while still in the water. It should be noted that this exercise was done on the shallow end of the pool. The next exercise was done on the deep end of the water where the patients were expected to stay in the middle of the pool without support for about five minutes and then rest. The exercise was repeated for about five times before the class was over. It was also observed that those participants who new how to swim were the only ones who were allowed to go to the deep end of the pool. Additionally, those who knew how to swim were encouraged to swim after the lesson. This exercise was done for more than two months. Part Three Observation One According to the guideline presented, the class was almost exact. This is because it maintained the level of professionalism and they offered the participants what was in the guideline. For instance, a clear example indicating step-by-step exercises to the back patient is given out. When one is in the program, the exercises are supervised according to what is written in the brochure .In addition, the resources used for the exercises are similar to what is written in the guideline. Therefore, money spend by the participants is worth any penny. In this case, any body who wants to try out the swimming exercises is worth doing it at the gym rather than doing it at home. The main strengths of the class were the professional physicians who were available for the class. They portrayed an amount of professionalism and they were able to offer patients the best physical exercises. Additionally, the rooms and equipments used for the exercise were excellent. The only problem was that the amount of time offered for the class session was too short. The simple back exercises were expected in the observation but the bicycle exercises were not expected. The only recommendation after the observation would be addition of time during the sessions. Observation Two In this observation, the sessions did not fully meet the guidelines presented in the beginning. This is because they did not offer many aquatic exercises as stated in the guidelines. For instance, the guideline was written that there would be physical exercises in form of games. However, after observation there were no physical exercises in form of games. The money spend by the participants is not worth. The strengths of the program were the equipments used for the exercise. The pool was large enough and it had heating equipment. The turn of the participants was the most surprising thing in the observation. The only thing that is worth the participants money is the resources used in the gym. The only recommendation was to increase the number of exercises for the participants. Part Four Observation One I learned a lot from the observation because I did not know that all the exercises are interrelated. For instance, the low aerobics is for the whole body and most people use it for slimming purposes. In addition, aerobics enable the body to relax and it becomes easier to breathe. I was shocked to learn that it is also useful for the lower back injuries. I was shocked to learn that there is a specified timetable for every exercise during the four weeks. For example, in the first week, participants were expected to perform stretching exercises to open there muscles. This ensures that they are not injured while they are performing the strenuous exercises. I would recommend this site for the students because it is educative. Therefore, this assignment was extremely valuable. Observation Two I did not learn as much as I expected. The exercises were like a common basic swimming lesson. This is because the exercises that were being offered are similar to the swimming lessons I took when I was learning how to swim. To make this experience more valuable the physician should consider adding more exiting exercises. I would not recommend any students to perform the exercises under the prevalent conditions. This assignment was not that valuable. The only way to make it more valuable is by increasing more exercises in the program for the participants. After that, I can recommend students to the site.

Social Media - Emerging Technologies in Business Communications Assignment

Social Media - Emerging Technologies in Business Communications - Assignment Example Links on the page provides a platform for connecting with other businesses and reach out to them for more exposure. Target audience is found on sites most visited. The constant posting of new content about the brand regularly, when the target audience is most active on social media, helps in the attraction of new users. It generates more exposure to new users. Constant interaction and replying to feedback and comments makes it easy to make the user experience enjoyable for the audience. In addition, interacting with clients and solving their queries effectively makes them remember the brand due to a unique helpful attitude (Wong, 2013). This gets more likes and following, therefore generating more traffic and gaining more sales. New users frequenting the brand site should be confident about the authenticity of the site in order to ensure that it runs on a genuine platform. Use of competitions and questionnaires relating to the brand enhances build up on the profile image. The brand should have a personality that suits the products and services. These strategies help in the creation of new

Political science - Africa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Political science - Africa - Research Paper Example Historical Background to The Situation - European Colonialism As discussed by Sharma (1973), in the beginning European interest was confined to the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean - the rest was "Dark Continent" fraught with savage cannibals, wild animals and dreadful diseases stalking an inhospitable terrain. By the end of the fifteenth century Portuguese started trading in ivory, pepper, dyestuff and gold dust. This was also the time when Europeans commenced colonisation of the American continent and a very profitable slave trade flourished from Africa to meet the enormous demand of manual labour of the colonisers. By 1870s explorers and missionaries started adventuring into the deep jungles of Africa. With the advent of industrial revolution the demand for raw materials and markets to sell finished products grew in leaps and bounds. This led to rivalry amongst European colonialists to spread their territory, which reached its zenith in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The sharing of the 'African Pie' was amicably settled thro ugh the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 whereby Africa was apportioned by the European powers without any regard to the lie of the land or the psyche of the natives. It is to be noted that in posterity such lacerations presented serious problems of integration at the time of independence of most states. A primitive culture prevailed amongst the tribes in Africa and wars between clans and tribes to settle disputes were very common. Whenever there were disputes amongst the tribes the weaker ones sought outside help. The European traders who had modern weapons and better fighting skills to offer were their first choice. In due course areas that were rich... Africa is primarily a land of ethnic tribes and clans. A tribe does not represent any homogeneity or criterion by which sects of people differentiate themselves from other sects. They are a natural formation of people who get together and affirm their obligations to unite in warfare against outsiders and acknowledge the rights of their members to compensations for injuries. The colonisation of Africa has brutalised the people and vandalised the resources by warlords and despotic rulers. It has left Africans psychologically scarred and scared. Letting loose one tribe against another and creating insecurity and dependency was the most convenient way of subjugating a race. With their better intellect and strength, subjugating large states was not a difficult task for the Europeans. Here one must remember that Africa was not the only country that Europeans colonised. Large parts of Asia, Australia and America were also once under their occupation for centuries. Today many of them are env iable economic powers, technological marvels and military superpowers. Therefore, one cannot escape an accepted wisdom that Africa has wrought self-destruction on themselves unable to overcome the unique racial and social inadequacies. To gloss over Africa as a puzzle that cannot be solved or explained is simplistic. The happenings in Africa lead us to assume the Africans have some inherent ethnic shortcomings that keep them as underdogs on this planet earth. The historical fact file encourages one to accept such a presumption.

Dominos Pizza: A Crisis Management Case

Dominos Pizza: A Crisis Management Case Josefina Vasquez According to (PRSA, 2009), in 2009, the company Dominos pizza experienced a tremendous PR crisis because of a couple of their employees. In fact, in a restaurants kitchen, in a slow working day, the two of them, with the employee uniforms, contaminated some food ingredients and then placed them onto sandwiches and pizza; they recorded a video and later posted it on YouTube. This video reached more than one million views in just three days because it became viral. The company realized that social media has the power to turn small incidents into huge marketing crises. This is a real case very interesting to analyze from the point of view of public relations and ethics. Because something simple could be the cause of the failure or success of significant companies, and what would construct the difference are the decisions taken in crises. In this review, we will be looking at this case from the point of view of the public relations professional and the ethical bases and how this addresses companies direction. Dominos Pizza: A Crisis Management Case According to (PRSA, 2009), the vice president, the communication team and the rest of Dominos corporate members sooner became aware of this situation. The first reaction was anger, but they channeled into action. The company proceeded to intercept the store, the authors of the video, took away the videos, and the company pressed charges against them. One of the first actions was to find out if the contaminated food was finally delivered to a client, fortunately, it was not. Domino has had the plan to introduce the company to Facebook, Twitter and some other social media sites by 2009 just before the crisis, but they did it during the crisis in order to communicate with the active core audience. The CEO decided to the response by YouTube instead of distributing a press release because even at a million views, they thought there were 307 million people in America, so they focused on that audience. They received criticism from the media during the first twenty-four hours, because people thought that they were not doing anything about it. The company understood that the most important thing was to keep the companys credibility with customers. Dominos pizza learned that is so important to keep in touch with media web community all times. (Randallreilly.com, 2015) stated that the company listened to their audience and later they admitted that their product was awful, so that, they started a campaign called Pizza Turnaround, in order to acknowledge the problems they were facing and reinvent their pizza, this along with an extensive media coverage, documentaries, promotions, advertising, etc. Problem Statement. The companys PR team faced an important challenge. The company had a disadvantageous place due to the lack of presence on social networks. Dominos faced the dilemma of obviating persons opinion by denying, and only focus on defending their brand or putting on the customers side and reinforcing their product. This crisis could have undermined this large multinational company, so they had to deal with some ethical principles such as fairness, honesty, expertise and loyalty. Personal Critique of the Case. In this context, is important to point out the conflict management life cycle concept from (Wilcox, Cameron and Reber, n.d.) which has a proactive, strategic, reactive and recovery phases, and the way the companys PR professional applied it during this situation. The proactive phase involves crisis-planning, issues tracking by creating strategy plans in ways that address the emerging issue. The strategic phase allows organizations to place itself favorably in anticipation of actions. The reactive phase occurs when the issue or conflict reaches a critical level of impact; it involves the implementation of crisis management plan, crisis communication and conflict resolution. The recovery phase involves reputation management and image restoration. PR professionals at Dominos pizza implemented both the reactive and recovery phases as well, once the issue became critical. They initiated a crisis management plan by establishing communication channels with the target audience through social media. They also implemented reputation management and image restoration when they decided to reinvent their pizza with a campaign called Pizza Turnaround by using an extensive media coverage, documentaries, promotions, advertising, etc. Once the crisis was overcome, they started implementing the proactive and strategic phases of establishing constant communication with customers through social media channels, with a strategy to pay special attention to customer feedback. References Wilcox, D., Cameron, G. and Reber, B. (n.d.). Public relations. PRSA. (2009). Dominos Delivers During Crisis: The Companys Step-by-Step Response After a Vulgar Video Goes Viral. [online] Available at: http://apps.prsa.org/Intelligence/TheStrategist/Articles/view/8226/102/Domino_s_Delivers_During_Crisis_The_Company_s_Step#.WNMO7PkrLIV [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Randallreilly.com. (2015). Dominos Pizza: A Case Study in Customer Feedback | Randall-Reilly. [online] Available at: http://www.randallreilly.com/dominos-pizza-a-case-study-in-customer-feedback/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Tesco and Sainsburys: A Comparison of Strategies Tesco and Sainsburys: A Comparison of Strategies 1. Introduction Business strategies are largely unique to individual business organisations and depend upon the objectives of their primary stakeholders, namely the shareholders and the senior management. While these two entities are the main decision makers for the road maps followed by firms, which they exercise through formulation and articulation of objectives, mission statements, and strategies, many other issues like product or service features, strengths and weaknesses of business organisations, economic, legal and political environments, nature and intensity of competition, opportunities and threats, environmental and ecological needs, as well as technological advances, often play major roles in determining and implementing business strategy. Work in these areas, by management experts, have led to the development and construction of models and theories that attempt to elaborate, explain and demystify these issues. The tackling of these challenges previously depended upon the thought processe s and ingenuity of business owners, and played vital roles in the successes or failures of business organisations. The work of Igor Ansoff and Michael Porter led to the enunciation of well known strategic models for growth and the Five Forces theory for analysis of competitiveness. These tools, as well as decision making aids like SWOT and PESTLE analyses have become commonplace in today’s business scenario, and are widely used by managers all over the world. While most growth strategies deal with marketing, other areas like production, human resource, information technology and finance also need goal setting, and are important to overall strategy for optimisation of organisational wealth. Total Quality Management, for example has emerged in recent years as a necessary item in every strategic manager’s toolbox for achievement of organisational objectives. Apart from these tools, business strategies for growth and shareholder wealth appreciation are also influenced by t he ethics and value systems of individual corporations; while many firms chose to forsake both growth and profitability for ethics, the reverse, as evinced by scams like Enron and WorldCom is equally true. Every so often, companies in the same industry, and operating in the same national or global environment, adopt sharply different strategies with spectacularly divergent results. Search engines like Yahoo and Alta Vista existed for years before Google arrived on the scene and swept everything before it. Toyota, a Japanese car manufacturer, formed much after the end of the Second World War, entered the car market of the United States in the face of widespread scepticism, and over a few decades, orchestrated a business strategy that saw it overtake Ford, the iconic American car making giant. Among British companies, the last two decades saw the rise and rise of the retailing company, Tesco. The company changed its down market â€Å"pile them high, sell them cheap† public perception to emerge as the largest retailer in the country, first overtaking the much older market leader Sainsbury’s and then proceeding to widen the gap until its’ market share was twice that of its erstwhile condescending rival. This assignment aims to examine and analyse the different strategies adopted by these companies, which have similar products and services, and also operate in the same environment. 2. Commentary and Analysis Business organisations constantly face challenges in every sphere of activity, be they in marketing, sales, production, workforce, human resource management, information technology development, or in raising and controlling finances. Many of these challenges arise from the social, political and economical environments in which organisations operate. While businesses in the UK operate in democratic and market friendly environments with institutionalised legal and financial systems, they need to conform to the stipulations laid down by numerous regulatory bodies (of the UK and the EU) and governmental organisations, and that too in almost all operating areas. Furthermore, firms with global operations have to frequently function in conformity with different environmental requirements, necessitated by dissimilar political and legal systems, or by widely divergent local, infrastructural or market conditions. Sainsbury’s and Tesco’s both entered the UK retail market, as small convenience stores, not much different from the many such establishments that exist all over the UK. Both organisations outgrew and outperformed other businesses in their genre to become colossal retailing chains with countrywide presences. Sainsbury’s, a much older firm than Tesco’s was the market leader in the UK retailing sector, until 1995, when it was overtaken by Tesco’s. a. Sainsbury’s J Sainsbury, plc, is one of Britain’s most famous firms, represented across the country, through its chain of supermarket stores that operate under the Sainsbury’s brand. Apart from supermarkets, the company operates convenience stores, an internet-based home delivery shopping service, and Sainsbury’s Bank. The company, originally started as a partnership in 1869, and while incorporated as a private company as far back as 1922, listed on the London Stock Exchange only in 1973, in what was until then the LSE’s largest stock issue. Sainsbury’s grew to become the UK’s largest supermarket company and retained its privileged position for much of the twentieth century. Tesco’s overtook Sainsbury’s in 1995, and ASDA/ Wal-Mart relegated it to third position in 2003. (J Sainsbury, 2007) While the business, in the beginning, grew organically into a chain of convenience stores, its first major strategic decision came, in 1950, with the opening of the first self service store, in Croyden, London. This initiative was followed by increasing the number of self service stores, expanding the range of non food goods, opening of hyper markets, acquisition of smaller chains, and commencement of operations in Scotland and North Ireland. The company grew to become the country’s largest supermarket chain, fuelled by increasing economic affluence, changing buying habits, customer convenience, and the ability of Sainsbury’s to provide a large and diverse range of products under one roof. Large Sainsbury’s stores typically stock 50,000 products, of which 50% are home brands. While the company grew slowly in its initial years, real growth came only in the post war years, with the development of a strong market economy, economic prosperity, increased spending powe r, and customer desire for a large range of better quality goods. Sainsbury’s responded to this changed economic environment, by concentrating on the increasing and upwardly mobile middle class. The company refrained from taking too many risks or initiatives, possibly feeling that its reputation would enable it to grow steadily and retain market leadership. The strategy of least resistance was interspersed by a few initiatives like the introduction of Do it Yourself (DIY) products, and acquisition of chains like Bell’s Stores, Jackson’s Stores, and JB Beaumont, which served to add to and broaden its customer base. The company has more than 750 stores today, and with a turnover in the range of 16 billion GBP, is one of UK’s more successful corporates. A prima facie assessment regarding the company’s response to business and environmental challenges would tend to give credit to the company’s corporate strategies in an extremely competitive bus iness environment. This assessment would however be substantially incorrect. Even as the company continued to grow steadily, in both profits and sales, through the 1990s and into the 21st century (except for the difficult years of 2004 and 2005), it was overtaken, first by Tesco’s in 1995, and later by ASDA in 2003. Tesco’s , which had a turnover of less than 11 billion GBP in 1994 saw its sales touch 38 billion GBP in 2006 and now sells more than twice of what Sainsbury’s does. Very apparently, Sainsbury’s has committed serious errors in handling and responding to business and environmental challenges, and has yielded the high ground in supermarket retailing to younger and possibly more effective competition. b. Tesco’s Growth Path Tesco’s started off as a small one man grocery operation, in 1919, in London’s East End. It took Jack Cohen, the founder, 10 more years to start his first store, in 1929, a full 60 years after Sainsbury’s. The company grew organically in the initial years, spurred by Cohen’s hard work. In the beginning business strategy revolved around providing cheap and economical goods, (pile them high, sell them cheap) espousal of trading stamps to induce customers, and relentless opening of new stores. Strategies, broadly similar to those followed by Sainsbury’s in the post war years led Cohen to open Tesco’s first self service store in 1947, and the first supermarket in 1956. In retrospect, Cohen’s better understanding of the demands and changing moods of customers is possibly evinced by his decision to open his self service store, a full three years earlier than Sainsbury’s. When Cohen resigned, in 1977, the company had achieved significant growth and traction but was still much behind Sainsbury’s, both in size and reputation. The years that followed Cohen’s handing over of Tesco’s leadership were marked by strategic swings designed to take the company away from its image of a purveyor of cheap and low quality goods. This period saw the management launch an aggressive campaign for market share, a multi dimensional effort that involved (a) rapid expansion of stores, (b) acquisition of medium sized supermarket chains, (c) entry and consolidation in a number of foreign markets, (d) large scale expansion of non food products, (e) opening of a number of hypermarkets, (f) introduction of loyalty cards, and (g) exploitation of online markets. The company assessed the existing national and global environment and felt that it would be able to work towards significant increases in sales and profitability and make it into a global leader from i ts status of a lowly down market UK based retailer. These strategies, combined with effective systems and operational implementation, enabled Tesco’s to power past Sainsbury’s, the British market leader, and establish itself as the third largest retailer in Europe. With sales of 38 billion GBP and 2 billion GBP in profits, Tesco is today the undisputed market leader, way ahead of both Sainsbury’s and ASDA. It played for glory and won hands down. (Pringle and Cohen, 2007) c. Management of Environmental Conditions In the early 1960s, Cohen lobbied Parliament to have the Retail Price Maintenance (RPM) act abolished, efforts supported by Edward Heath. The RPM allowed manufacturers and suppliers to set the price of goods thus preventing large retailers, who could buy in bulk and had greater buying power, from benefiting from economies of scale and undercutting the prices of smaller shops. To get â€Å"around† this, Tesco offered another incentive to get customers through the doors Green Shield Stamps. These were collected by customers when they spent money in the store, and were then traded for goods in a catalogue. An effective discount (Tesco, a corporate profile, 2004) This extract serves to illustrate Tesco’s response to environmental challenges and the many innovative ways the company found to constantly improve customer value. The emergence of Thatcherism, in the 80s, coupled with the break up of the Soviet Union, the consolidation of a unipolar world, sharp improvements in internet technology, and the commencement of globalisation, created a number of opportunities that Tesco was quick to spot, grab, and exploit. The company closed down 500 stores, revamped and modernised hundreds of others. Store formats like Tesco, Tesco Express, Tesco Metro, and One Stop, catered to distinct sizes, products, and locations, and ranged from small street corner shops to huge all inclusive supermarkets. The company was quick to realise that its image as a purveyor of cheap products, with its perceived down market connotations, would not help growth in a society that was rapidly becoming richer, and did not hesitate to close down its coupon scheme. In a br illiant segmentation exercise, the company created three product categories, good, better, and best, across most of its product lines. While this enabled customers to access different price ranges, it also allowed the company to access an â€Å"inclusive† and huge market. Sainsbury’s, which had traditionally catered to the middle class clientele with zealously protected margins, tried to enlarge its product base, but was unable to make any headway, because of its lesser supplier base and inferior logistical capability. (Pringle and Gordon, 2007) Tesco’s introduced customer loyalty cards in 1995. While it took Sainsbury some time to catch up with the idea, the two companies used it for widely divergent aims. Even as Sainsbury’s used the cards primarily to drive repeat visits and purchases, Tesco’s processed the information feedback from the loyalty card customers, to assess customer demands and needs, and keep on adding to its product range. The company also foresaw the potential of the internet and globalisation, and established profitable online sales channels, as well as successful overseas forays. Tesco’s international business now accounts for nearly 25% of company sales, and the immediate priority is to drive it up to 50% of company revenue. Apart from maintaining strong market leadership, Tesco is now focussing on two major areas that are propelling the company’s growth and increasing the gap between the company and its competitors. Its aggressive growth in the non-foods market means that it is possibly selling more clothes than Next and more health and beauty products than all the others put together. (Hunter, 2006) The company has set up base in numerous countries in Europe and Asia and should soon have a significant presence in the USA. â€Å"Indeed, some 60% of Tesco’s floor space is now based outside of the UK.† (Hunter, 2006) Sainsbury’s, on the other hand has been too busy handling its inadequate stocking mechanism, half empty shelves, and falling market share, to be able to pay much attention to new thrust areas, and opportunities, made available by changes in environmental conditions and advances in technology. (Tesco, a corporate profile, 2004) 3. Conclusion While this analysis does not intend to eulogise Tesco’s management practices, or its planned and meticulous exploitation of available opportunities, the stark difference in the working of Tesco’s and Sainsbury’s tend to make any comparative analysis of strategy, and management practice, enormously one sided. Even as Tesco was using feedback from its loyalty card scheme to add enormously to its product range, Sainsbury’s was trying to adamantly protect its margins and cutting down on service quality, practices that inevitably led to further customer dissatisfaction and loss of market share. It was not until 2004, a full 9 years after Tesco overtook it, that the company realised that its major problem lay in under stocked shelves, inadequate logistics and poor supply chain management. While Sainsbury’s strategy appeared to be one of risk avoidance and slow growth, in reality it proved to be akin to that of an ostrich in the face of danger. The company however still remains a respected and successful retailer. Recent initiatives, taken after a change in top management, have seen a priority shift and led to revived sales, reduced costs and improved profitability. The company has its heart in the right place and contributes a much higher percentage of its post tax profit to charity than Tesco. The tremendous success of Tesco, in assessing customer needs and environmental opportunities, came about because of a new aggression that evinced itself after the departure of jack Cohen and is an indicator of the possibilities that exist for Sainsbury. The fact that Tesco lagged behind Sainsbury’s until 1995 is proof of the levels to which Sainsbury can aspire without being impractically optimistic. Sainsbury’s has a number of strengths, namely its goodwill in the UK market, access to enormous amount of shop space and property that have been built up over the years, very strong domain knowledge in the retailing business, and adequate capital resources. The company has also become active in the online segment, the fastest growing market segment in the retailing market. It however definitely needs to scan the environment constantly, look for new opportunities, upgrade technology, and be more fleet footed in responding to opportunities and challenges. Both the companies have seen rapid departures from existing strategies after changes in top level management. Strange as it may appear, changes in management appear to have been critical to Tesco seeing opportunities that were not explored earlier. Sainsbury’s too has commenced implementation of measures that should have logically been done much earlier, only after a change of guard at the top. The solution to the paradox possibly lies in realising that management theories, practices and strategies, in most cases, become relevant only if the CEO thinks them fit. The boss is the key. Bibliography Annual report and Financial Statements, 2006, J Sainsbury plc, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar06/fullfinancials/notestofinancialstatements5.shtml Annual Review and Summary Financial Statements, 2006, J Sainsbury plc, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar06/summaryfinancials Cavazza, M, 2007, Sainsburys bid is very close, thisismoney.co.uk., Retrieved April 3, 2007 from www.thisismoney.co.uk/investing-and-markets/article.html?in_article_id=418580in_page_id=3 Cole, R, 2007, Sainsbury’s progress offers reason to hold even if no bid comes, Times Online, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/retailing Hunter, H, 2006, Revolution in the British aisles: why Tesco will continue to rule the roost, msn.money, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from money.uk.msn.com/Investing/Insight/Special_Features/Markets_Comment/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1054991 J Sainsbury, 2007, Wikipedia, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Sainsbury Jordan, D, 2007, Tchenguiz adds to Sainsbury stake, Times Online, Retrieved April 3, 2007 from business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/retailing/article1578864.ece 2 Apr 2007 Pringle, H, and Gordon, W, 2007, The Tesco Story, customerserviceworld.com., Retrieved May 27, 2007 from www.ecustomerserviceworld.com/earticlesstore_articles.asp?type=articleid Tesco, 2007, Retrieved May 25, 2007 from www.tescocorporate.com/page.aspx?pointerid=A8E0E60508F94A8DBA909E2ABB5F2CC7 Tesco,  A corporate profile, 2004, Corporate watch, Retrieved May 27, 2007 from www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?bid=28

The Supreme Court Essay

The Supreme Court made a ruling in Free Enterprise Fund vs. PCAOB saying that Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) will remain â€Å"fully operative as law† with the exception that The Securities and Exchange Commission will be able to remove at will members of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Previously they were not able to and was said to violate the appointment clause of the constitution. This changed job security for its five board members ending a three-year battle between a Nevada firm Beckstead and Watts who sued PCAOB in 2006. The accounting firm declared that it was unconstitutional for SEC to appoint its board members rather than the president giving it to much authority unchecks by executives. However, a decision been made by the courts to meet the plaintiffs at the halfway, pointed out that if was against constitutional policy to remove board members completely it would violate separation of powers principle. The courts rest the power with the president to have comp lete authority to hire and fire PCAOB members. According to Susan Hackett general counsel, this was an important move because it invalidated the PCAOB appointment process and upheld the SOX Legislation. A power move to allow congress and the president to have ultimate ability to control institutions that possess significant insight of companies. This decision in my opinion opens up a fair market and does not allow larger company to push and over power smaller firms. Board members must go through a screening process so not to have bias authorizes in control. Reference Jaeger, J. (June 28, 2010). High Court Ruling only Tweaks Sarbanes Oxley Act. Enforcement and Litigation, 13. Retrieved from http://www.complianceweek.com

African Americans and the Media Essay

African Americans are subject to stereotypes as if these stereotypes classify us as the type of people we are. Television shows tend to portray African Americans as loud, aggressive, violent, unfashionable and lacking etiquette. Examples of this are liberal shows such as â€Å"The Boondocks† and â€Å"Family Guy†. Both shows glorify behaviors that would make society assume African Americans are ‘Ghetto’. â€Å"Family Guy† and â€Å"The Boondocks† mock stereotypes of African Americans in a way that I find humorous but some viewers might find offensive. â€Å"The Boondocks† is a show that demonstrates the ignorance within our society particularly with African Americans. It revolves around a young African American family from Chicago, Illinois who move to a fictional suburban Woodcrest. The main characters are Huey Freeman, a 10-year-old boy who is candid and autonomous; Riley Freeman, an 8-year-old boy who idolizes Hip Hop culture and considers himself a gangster and Robert Freeman also referred to Granddad who is the overly abusive parent who just wants to enjoy his retirement. The Freemans represent a typical African American family from an urban area. Even though the intent is to highlight the negatives in black communities I can relate to the content and its characters. I do agree with the stereotypes of the characters but I can see how it may send out the wrong message about African Americans as people. Riley Freeman for instance is a prime example of how the media portrays African Americans as loud, aggressive, violent, and unfashionable. He wears oversized clothes, has cornrows, and is very vulgar. Throughout the series, Riley constantly refers to others as â€Å"N*ggas†, â€Å"Hoes† and other derogatory terms. His grandfather, Robert Freeman, sometimes does not approve of Riley’s actions so he enforces his rules with violence. African American parents are usually mocked for using corporal punishment towards their kids as a form of discipline. In season 1 episode 4 of â€Å"The Boondocks†, they refer to something called â€Å"a n*gga moment†. According to the show, â€Å"a n*gga moment† is â€Å"A moment where ignorance overwhelms the mind of an otherwise logical Negro male causing them to act in an illogical, self-destructive manner. I. E. , like a n*gga. † They are trying to say that black people cannot avoid altercations by any means because that’s who they are. A white man is shown bumping into a black male. The white male walks away because he says he is white while the black male tries to antagonize him to escalate the situation. This implies that white people can be civilized while black people are violent. â€Å"Family Guy† is the kind of show that’s mocks everybody but it shows how people can purely associate actions with African Americans. In season 7 episode 5 of â€Å"Family Guy†, Peter Griffin is shown working as a secretary at a firm. He is wearing long acrylic nails and his body language is in lack of a better term ‘ghetto’. Peter gets a phone call from a person by the name of Laronda, he then says â€Å"Hey Laronda. No I have four people on hold but I can talk. † Peter is a white male but I made an inference from the use of the name Laronda, the acrylic nails and him being unproductive at work that they are stereotyping African American female receptionist. This shows how influential media portrayal can be. African Americans are misrepresented by shows such as â€Å"Family Guy† and â€Å"The Boondocks† which portrays them, as people who do not have decorum, who are boisterous and have bad grammar by associating them with actions that would make society perceive them in that manner. The media & television constantly reinforce these images. The media conditions the mind to think a certain way and people give into it without thinking for themselves.

Limiting Reactant Definition in Chemistry

The limiting reactant or limiting reagent is a reactant in a chemical reaction that determines the amount of product that is formed. Identification of the limiting reactant makes it possible to calculate the theoretical yield of a reaction. The reason there is a limiting reactant is that elements and compounds react according to the mole ratio between them in a balanced chemical equation. So, for example, if the mole ratio in the balanced equation states it takes 1 mole of each reactant to produce a product (1:1 ratio) and one of the reactants is present in a higher amount than the other, the reactant present in the lower amount would be limiting reactant. All of it would be used up before the other reactant ran out. Limiting Reactant Example Given 1 mol of hydrogen and 1 mol of oxygen in the reaction:2 H2 O2 → 2 H2OThe limiting reactant would be hydrogen because the reaction uses up hydrogen twice as fast as oxygen. How to Find the Limiting Reactant There are two methods used to find the limiting reactant. The first is to compare the actual mole ratio of the reactants to the mole ratio of the balanced chemical equation. The other method is to calculate the gram masses of the product resulting from each reactant. The reactant that yields the smallest mass of product is the limiting reactant. Using the Mole Ratio: Balance the equation for the chemical reaction.Convert the masses of reactants to moles, if needed. If the quantities of reactants are given in moles, skip this step.Calculate the mole ratio between reactants using the actual numbers. Compare this ratio to the mole ratio between reactants in the balanced equation.Once you identify which reactant is the limiting reactant, calculate how much product it can make. You can check that you selected the correct reagent as the limiting reactant by calculating how much product the full amount of the other reactant would yield (which should be a larger number).You can use the difference between the moles of non-limiting reactant that are consumed and the starting number of moles to find the amount of excess reactant. If necessary, convert the moles back to grams. Using the Product Approach: Balance the chemical reaction.Convert the given quantities of reactants to moles.Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to find the number of moles of product that would be formed by each reactant if the full amount was used. In other words, perform two calculations to find the moles of product.The reactant that yielded the smaller amount of product is the limiting reactant. The reactant that yielded the larger amount of produce is the excess reactant.The amount of excess reactant may be calculated by subtracting the moles of excess reactant from the number of moles used (or by subtracting the mass of excess reactant from the total mass used). Mole to gram unit conversions may be necessary to provide answers for homework problems.